Toxicity testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toxicity testing - Essay Example Thus, chronic testing extends over a longer period than the sub chronic testing. The observation period for sub chronic testing is about three months, while the observation period for chronic testing is about twelve to twenty-four months (Hamilton, 1977). Sub chronic testing usually involves lesser group of animals than chronic testing. While chronic testing could involve a large group of animals of about twenty for each sex (for rodents), sub chronic testing could take about ten for each sex (for rodents) (Hamilton, 1977). The name sub chronic testing is even an indicator that it involves a lower level of toxicity testing o the chronic testing. In carrying out the toxicity experiment, there are several factors that should be considered in order to determine the most suitable toxicity method. It should be noted that, if a large group of animals is involved, the chronic testing method is preferred, but if it is only a few group of animals, the sub chronic testing method is preferred over the chronic testing

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper Research

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors - Research Paper Example In turn, they opt to maximize their work productivity thereby using organizational ‘resources, investments, inputs and infrastructure facilities’ in an efficient manner. The second type actually represents the external side and known as ‘Effective productive’ behaviors. Indeed, this type of workers’ behavior could be defined as one through which employees opt to accomplish short and long run business goals that in turn enable the organization to create value for its potential customers and build relationships, while to reap monetary gains and profits simultaneously. (Anshoria and Suhariadia 2007, p. 1256) On the other hand, Counterproductive behavior can be defined as the deliberate behavior of an employee in an organization who does not abide by organizational values and does not aim to accomplish defined business goals and objectives. This type of behavior is also known as Negative Behavior because it is against organizational and economic well being. (Impleman 2008) Productive behavior put a positive impact on an individual’s job performance. An employee becomes motivated and committed to attain organizational ‘mission and vision’ and thus opt to showcase its optimal performance. In simple words, a worker communicates and collaborates with its organizational co-workers, peers, bosses and business partners to discuss assigned tasks or jobs and to openly share information and personal opinions for betterment of business practices. In addition, the probability that conflicts or disputes among the organizational members could occur is also minimized. As a result, this type of positive behavior is appreciated and endorsed by strategic managers and planners that in turn lead to greater ‘normative and affective commitment’ (with their job) among the workers. In short, the workers maximize their work